Herbicide Carryover and Cover Crops Don’t Always Mix

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Proven benefits of cover crops in a corn/soybean rotation have farmers re-evaluating their weed management programs.

One critical risk to evaluate is residual herbicide use and potential carryover given the timing of cover crop seeding. “One of our take-home messages for farmers is to base herbicide selection on weed control first, then adjust cover crop management accordingly,” says Alyssa Essman, Ohio State University weed science research associate.

Residual herbicides are important components of any prudent weed control program. However, their chemical longevity can push into fall or carry over into the next spring, damaging cover crop growth and reducing their effectiveness to improve soil health and suppress early spring weeds.

Essman points out university research by weed scientists has found several critical factors to consider when weighing potential carryover issues on cover crops:

Residual herbicides that control grassy weeds can interfere with grass cover crop establishment.
Broadleaf cover crops species are most impacted by ALS inhibitors (Group 2), PSII inhibitors (Group 5), PPO inhibitors (Group 14), and HPPD inhibitors (Group 27).
Soybean herbicides that tend to be most injurious to cover crops are fomesafen, pyroxasulfone, imazethapyr, acetochlor, and sulfentrazone.
Corn herbicides most injurious to cover crops are topramezone, mesotrione, clopyralid, isoxaflutole, pyroxasulfone, and nicosulfuron.
Cover crops like cereal rye, hairy vetch and wheat tend to be the least sensitive to herbicide carryover. The more sensitive are tillage radish, Austrian winter pea, crimson clover and annual ryegrass.
Research is still lacking to fully understand residual herbicides' impact on inter-seeded cover crops usually seeded in late June through July.

“Cereal rye is the gold standard for cover crops in terms of weed suppressive potential, and also one of the least sensitive to herbicide residue,” Essman says.

Weed scientists recommend checking herbicide labels to understand the half-life of all active ingredients in your herbicide program. This measurement estimates the time it takes for 50% of the applied rate of active ingredient to degrade, which is useful when matching herbicides with cover crop seeding dates.

For example, some longer-life active ingredients include fomesafen (100 days), isoxaflutole and tembotrione (50-120 days), imazethapyr (60-90 days), atrazine (60 days), and sulfentrazone (32-302 days).

Weather and Soil

Below-normal rainfall or drought conditions can extend herbicide half-life late into and beyond the cropping season due to diminished soil microbial activity needed to break down the active ingredients. However, too much rainfall and warm temperatures can speed up degradation. “In Ohio, we haven’t seen too many issues with carryover to cover crops, likely based on the amount of precipitation we get,” Essman adds.

Other influential factors on herbicide half-life to watch for on the product label are soil pH and tillage recommendations. For example, you can reduce the odds of carryover for most herbicides by keeping pH in the 6.5 to 7.0 range. And if drought prevents herbicides from dispersing not far below the soil surface, consider a tillage pass 4-6 inches deep to redistribute the concentrated herbicide to reduce carryover chances.

Due to many variables that can alter herbicide half-life, field bioassays can also help to determine possible injury. Check out this quick test method to assess carryover potential.

For More Information

To learn more, Essman recommends this series of cover crop factsheets that reviews all aspects of weed management. And the table below from Penn State University offers a quick look at various herbicides and their impact on cover crop species.

https://agcrops.osu.edu/newsletter/corn-newsletter/2020-29/herbicide-residue-considerations-fall-cover-crop-establishment

Herbicide	Fall cover crops:  safe to plant	Fall cover crops: potential for injury
2,4 - D	All grasses	30 days before sensitive broadleaves
nicosulfuron/ nicosulfuron+ rimsulfuron	Fall cereal grains, ryegrass	Small-seeded legumes*, mustards, sorghum
topramezone	Wheat, barley, oats, rye, and ryegrass after 3 months	Many broadleaves are restricted, does not have much soil activity
atrazine	Sorghum species	Cereals, ryegrass, legumes, and mustards
isoxaflutole	Fall cereals grains	Cereals, ryegrass, legumes, and mustards
mesotrione	All grasses	Small-seeded legumes, mustards
tembotrione + thiencarbazone	Wheat, triticale, rye	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
dicamba	All crops	Only at high rates or less than 120 days after application
isoxaflutole + thiencarbazone	Wheat, triticale, rye	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
metolachlor	Almost anything	Annual ryegrass or other small-seeded grasses
glyphosate	All	None
paraquat	All	None
thifensulfuron	No restrictions for wheat, barley, and oats	None with 45-day waiting interval
acetochlor	Most crops should be fine	Food or feed residues rather than crop injury a concern
tembotrione	Cereal grains after 4 months	Unknown; small-seeded legumes, mustards could be a problem
glufosinate	All	Food or feed residues rather than crop injury a concern
metribuzin	Cereal grains and ryegrass	Slight risk for small-seeded legumes and mustards
dimethenamid	Most crops should be fine	Food or feed residues rather than crop injury a concern
prosulfuron	Cereal grains and sorghum are labeled, other grasses	Small-seeded legumes, mustards
halosulfuron	Cereal grains and sorghum after 2 mo., other grasses	Small-seeded legumes, mustards
pendimethalin	Cereal grains	Small-seeded legumes and annual ryegrass
flumetsulam	Cereal grains	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, and annual ryegrass
rimsulfuron	Based on short half-life, most fall cover crops should be OK	None
saflufenacil	All	None
simazine	Sorghum species	Cereals, ryegrass, legumes, and mustards
clopyralid	All grasses	Small-seeded legumes
pyroxasulfone	Most crops should be fine	Food or feed residues rather than crop injury a concern
quizalofop	Most broadleaves	All grasses if less than 120 days or at high rates
sulfentrazone	Cereals and ryegrass	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
chlorimuron	Cereals and ryegrass	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
cloransulam	Wheat, triticale, rye	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
imazethapyr	Wheat, triticale, rye, alfalfa, clover	Oats, sorghum, mustards
flumetsulam	Cereal grains	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, and annual ryegrass
imazamox	Wheat, triticale, rye, alfalfa, clovers	Slight risk for mustards
fomesafen	Cereal grains	Small-seeded legumes, mustards, sorghum
imazaquin	Cereal grains	Small-seeded legumes, mustards
clethodim	All broadleaves	None assuming at least 30 days
saflufenacil	All	None
flumioxazin	All grasses	Small-seeded legumes and mustards

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